The Past America and Beyond

The end of the Second World War has brought so many changes in international relations, political, economical and social changes. The most important and most influential of these is the rise of two super powers in the world: the United States of America and the USSR. The emergence of these two states has brought so many political and economic changes that became influential from the past decades until the present.The rise of the US government into power has become massive and became the indicative factor in settling international relations. The events that took place after the Second World War created massive impact on policy formations in the international arena. The Cold War for example, has been the biggest offspring of the war. Consequently, from the Cold War emerged different political and economic changes that from the past decades until now have still served their purpose, and until this era have played as decisive factors in creating foreign and domestic policies.  For the purpose of this paper, we shall be studying events that happened in the following decades: 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The events that will be tackled are those events that tool place that have had great and influential changed in American policy, and those that are until now still prevalent in international relations.1950: The Rise of the American DreamThe years from the 1950s have highlighted the growth of the American community. Central to this interval is the modernization of the American life, the development of more modernized society, and the peak of what they called the â€Å"American dream†. During these years were the improvement in technology, infrastructures, and the rise of mass cultures.The emergence of this abrupt modernization in American society was a response to the slump that was caused by the war. This response created a boom in American economy. High consumer spending became the coping mechanism of the civilians to recover from the war, which in turn also brought in higher government spending, a booming military industrial sector, which became the offset for a prosperous economy (Leffler, 1994).The rise of this modern industry for the American society was a fulfillment for their American dream. Every society and every individual were accountable for their own changes and emancipation. Their goal was to create a society that was free, modernized, superior and on top of every nation. Moreover, this economic boom and high consumer spending brought in the development of new innovations and quality inventions that enhanced not only the purpose that it must serve, but also took note of its aesthetic factors.The rise of the automobile industry for instance is a good example of the general idea that this occurrence has made a strong impact on. The emergence of their automobile industry is a starting point and an important facet in the current economic trend that the US has subliminally inculcated towards the people around the glob e. (McKinlay, 1993) This emergence has brought in the culture of planned obsolescence, which is now an important factor in the success of globalization and modernization, not only of the American society, but as well as to their allies that follow their trails.1960: The Era for Civil EmancipationFollowing the modernization of the American society, was the rise of the various legal fights against racial discrimination. The postwar era created an avenue for greater equality for the black Americans. This era highlighted the establishment of various associations that fought for civil rights and equality. Further, aside from the African American rights, the Latin civil society also gained consciousness towards their own civil rights.Aside from the civil anti-segregation fight of the blacks and the latinos, their political and economic power were also empowered in the new era of southern racial relations. The rise of several personalities highlighted this fight during the era. Martin Luth er King Jr., served as an influential icon in the fight for justice and equality among the blacks and the whites. And consequently, his influence became rampant that further rallies turned into crusades of trying to overpower the black discrimination. (Badger and Ward, 1996)Following the strong movements for civil rights, John Kennedy upon the start of his term as president legalized a civil rights act. The Civil Act Right of 1964 embodied provisions that prohibited any display of discrimination by race, color, religion, sex and nationality. In addition, the Voting Acts Right of 1965, which increased black voting by a large percentage. (Branch, 1988).This challenge of fighting racial discrimination during this era encouraged a lot of changes in the society, politics and economics. This era exemplified strong resistance of the blacks from further discrimination. However, even though the efforts were strong, nonetheless, the black community has never achieved full redemption against d iscrimination. Although in this contemporary era where there are black personalities that emerged triumphant and successful within the fields that they chose, today, discrimination against blacks is rampant and their economic conditions are never emancipated as most of the black population still lives in poverty.1970: The Economic Turmoil and Political DeteriorationThe 1970’s was an advent of return to conservatism. During the administration of Richard Nixon, he administered policies that were geared towards the establishment of countering running liberal programs. In contrast to liberalist programs, he favored â€Å"income strategy† which initially encouraged individual initiative, personal freedom and lessened government bureaucracy.However, Nixon’s attempt in reversing liberal ideas became detrimental to the economy. The stagflation in the economy forced Nixon to adopt liberal remedies. This economic recession in US caused a decrease in the demand for goods, workers were laid off resulting to an increase in the unemployment rate, and manufacturers were forced to cut prices in their products and reduce wages for their workers in order to preserve profit margin.   During his first term was mostly concerned with finding solutions on how to end the Vietnam War. As a whole, his first term was satisfactorily carried out. And despite the economic stagflations that US experienced during his term, the American community was nonetheless contented with his regime.Despite the moral controversies and the economic downfall that US experienced during Nixon’s administration, nonetheless he still won the presidency during the next held elections. However, this triumph has caused Nixon to become complacent in running his government, and abuse of power rendered him detrimental setbacks in his governance. His second term however was battled with controversies including the Watergate scandal. He used his powers to eliminate radical counterculture à ¢â‚¬â€œ from media practitioners who criticized them to anti war activists. (Nixon Presidency).These occurrences during the era marked certain importance in the US history. The lesson of how they dealt with the Vietnam aggression is an important benchmark in their history. It has proven significant policy changes that are currently affecting how US has played with regards to foreign aggressions.1980: New American InfluxThe 1980s was highlighted by international migration. At the peak of this era, America was occupied by â€Å"Americans† of international decent. A large percentage of America was occupied by Asian Americans, as well as Latinos which enlarged the foreign immigration.This influx in fact prompted the government to legislate acts that shall restrain illegal migration to control the influx of foreign nationals inside the borders of the US. The Immigration and Control Act of 1986 limited and tightened border security. However, the law also provided amnesty for immigr ants who arrived earlier than 1986 and allowed them to become legal residents. (Immigration and Control Act of 1986)This event lead to the internationalization of the American community. This further opened links towards global relations, it shaped American society in such a way that they can directly create relationships amongst neighboring countries. This paved the way for an easier connection in the global world which made it easier for them to penetrate and dominate international relations. In addition, the end of the cold war became beneficial to the American community as it increased global responses in the Americanization of the world. And thus, the fall of the Soviet Union nonetheless provided a larger array of development and opportunities for political and economic domination around the globe.1990: The New Globe1990s was started at the height of Bill Clinton’s leadership. During his administration he focused more on domestic issues rather than following the usual in ternationalist trend. And during this era, America has experienced a rather powerful economic expansion, with little economic inflation. This economic rise in the country allowed them to decrease public debts and budget deficits.Clinton pushed his leadership towards the independent states of American communities. During his leadership, he passed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The organization of NAFTA linked US closer to Canada and Mexico which provided larger trade opportunities and generated greater jobs (Remarks from President Clinton†¦)These occurrences eventually lead to the strengthening of US economic and political relationship with other allies. This created a world order that is closely linked towards one another. The improved ties between countries made specific changes and opened up better opportunities for their market.The turnouts during this era were important and delicate part of the developments that the US has gone through in the following yea rs. The end of 1990s marked the start of the Bush era which turned out to be an offset for the start of the 19th century. The series of events that took place in the 1990s are still prevalent in the contemporary times, wherein the global community that were started in this decade eventually elevated to form a stronger link in global relations. Hence, the 1990s was a starting point for the current trend of globalization.2000 and BeyondThe events that took place from the 1950s towards the 1990s proved to be benchmarks for the current international trend. The modernization in 1950s, the emancipation of civil rights in 1960s, the economic downfall of 1970s, the influx of international immigrants in the US during the 1980s, and the establishment of the new world order in the 1990s became integral to the emergence of US as they developed to become the international leader and authority based on economic, political and military supremacy.These occurrences are pillars of the economic and po litical activities of the current US society. The continuing influence of the US over other countries shall prove their supremacy and moral ascendancy in the international relations. The 1990s most importantly had a very distinct impact on the US development and how they were able to gain world power.Globalization as an offspring of the establishment of new world order is the most significant factor in the world domination. The US’ continuing influence in the globalized community shall always prove to be beneficial to their existence. The US policies and impositions towards their allies are so integral that these policies are geared towards further empowerment of their society.   In the future, America is still seen to post political, economic and military supremacy over other countries. Although there are current aggressions against several nations posting ideologies different from that of the Americans, still, the American prevalence is still evident and their allies have been expanding and further growing in strength in the absence of a strong contender that shall challenge their world leadership.ReferencesBadger, Tony and Ward, Brian. (1996) The Making Of Martin Luther King And The Civil Rights Movement. Washington Square: New York University.Branch, Taylor. (1988) Parting the Waters: America in the king Years, 1954-1963. New York: Simon and Schuster.Immigration and Control Act of 1986. Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://www.oig.lsc.gov/legis/irca86.htmLeffler, Melvyn and Painter, David. Ed. (1994) Origins of the Cold War: An International History. London: Routledge.‘Remarks of President Clinton in Signing of NAFTA† The White House: Office of Press Secretary. (14 September 1993) Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://www.multied.com/Documents/Clinton/SigningNaFTA.htmlMcKinlay, Alan. (1993) Strategy And The Human Resource : Ford And The Search For Competitive Advantage. Oxford: Blackwell.Nixon Presidency. Retrieved November 16, 20 07 from http://nixon.archives.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/index.php

Organizational Behaviour Written Assignment Essay

Organizations strive to be effective. However, conflicts within an organization can distort the effectiveness of organizations. Potential for conflicts can be found in all organizations. Nowadays there is a need for understanding what exactly causes conflict. With this knowledge, organization can decrease the possibility of encountering conflict. We can describe organizational conflict, as an open argument between two or more individuals/groups within an organization, which leads to a disrupt cooperation (Hatch, 1997). In organizations, conflicts can occur on a horizontal and vertical level. In our research we will focus on vertical level conflicts, which mean that the conflict takes place between people from different hierarchical levels. As Jung (2003) states, conflicts are clearly associated with power/ status within an organization. Therefore, vertical conflicts can be caused by a lack of acceptance of status and power in a hierarchal model. This last point can be attributed to ‘power distance’, one of the culture dimensions of Hofstede. Our moderator model starts with the independent variable â€Å"status† that leads to the dependent variable â€Å"conflict†, and the relationship between these two is influenced by the moderator â€Å"power distance†. Our research question is as follows: Does power distance (moderator) influence the relation between status (IV) and conflict (DV)? If we found out that power distance influence the relation between status and conflicts, we found a cause for conflicts in organizations and then we know how to reduce conflicts, that is the importance of this research question. Hypothesis An increase in status, the independent variable, will lead to a higher possibility of conflict, which is the dependent variable. Hofstede’s dimension of power distance acts as the moderator. Power distance explains how less powerful members of a society, in our case organization, accept that power is unequally distributed. A high power distance refers to an acceptance of a hierarchical order. A low power distance strives for equal distribution of power, and it asks for justification of inequalities of status (geert-hofstede.com). Therefore, our hypothesis is: If there is a hierarchical order and the status increases, the possibility of conflict will also increase. Especially if there is a low power distance. Explanation In this section we will explain what our expectations of the outcome of this research are. If the status of a person in an organization increases that person will have more power over the other employees. We expect that there will be more conflict in the organization due to the fact that there is a more unequal distribution of status. The lower employees have the feeling that they have no say in things, while their supervisor or manager has everything to say. In general this will lead to more vertical conflict. However power distance plays an important role in this. In organizations that have a low power distance, an increase of status will definitely lead to more conflict. This is because organizations with a low power distance strive for an equal distribution of power. The employees will most definitely disagree with the increase of status, and they will not easily accept this. However, in organizations with a high power distance, an increase of status might lead to a little more conflict. But the effect is not as described above. In such organizations there is a hierarchical order that is accepted, which means that we believe that an increase of status will be more accepted. Thus, leads to a lesser increase of conflict than when there is a low power distance. Method We develop a research method in order to determine whether the relationship between status and conflicts is negatively or positively influenced by power distance. The research type that we will use is a survey, more specifically, a questionnaire. We explain the process of how we will do the research method down below. Participants Around 270 people of several companies will be asked during our survey. We supposed that 270 people is a good amount to complete the research successfully and draw a sufficient conclusion. The expected participants who participate in our research are employees, who have to be 20 until 65 years old in order to include the different ages and their views on organizations. We try to equally choose participants from both sexes with a different employment status. We will ask, for example, a CEO, a sales manager and a janitor from the same enterprise to get a good overview through the whole organization and their thoughts about hierarchy and power distance. However, not every company has that much female employees in their organization. Therefore, we will ask more male employees than female employees if it is necessary. Furthermore, our participants will be from different continents, namely: Asia, Europe, and the United States. Procedure We have chosen for three continents to take off our questionnaire in order to make sure that the culture of different continents does not have influence on the results. Another reason that it is a necessity to ask organizations in different continents is the need to get adequate results. We will ask in every continent six companies to participate in our questionnaire, whereof three companies have a strong hierarchy and three companies do not have or have a low hierarchy. Furthermore, the three companies in every continent are divided into a small company with under 100 employees, a middle company with around 500 employees, and a big company with over 1000 employees. In every company, there will be 15 employees asked to participate in the questionnaire. The questionnaire will be taken off by the online-questionnaire method. We send the several CEOs of the companies the questionnaires by email. It is not possible for us to take off all the questionnaires face-to-face because of the geographical distance between the continents. However, we will provide the questionnaires with a very clear explanation about the questionnaire. We expect that the whole procedure will take around 15 minutes per person. Measurement Our questionnaire will include 20 statements regarding to hierarchy and conflicts at the workplace. The answers varying from a number of 1 to 7, with at the left side strongly agree and at the opposite site strongly disagree. The front page of the questionnaire is about some general background information like their age, sex, status in the company, and their nationality. However, there are also some limitations associated with the survey. Firstly, it is possible that organizations and participants do not want to participate in the survey for several reasons. Secondly, there is a chance that people do not understand the questions right and giving therefore an insufficient answer. Because we are not using the face-to-face method, it is not possible for us to explain the question clearly to the participator during the questionnaire. Lastly, there could be some message barriers because we make use of an online questionnaire send by email. For instance, the CEO does not read the email because it was marked as spam. To put all together, our research method is a survey, more specifically, a questionnaire with 20 statements regarding to the hierarchy and conflicts at the workplace. There will be asked 18 companies in three different continents with in total 270 employees. It is an online questionnaire send to the CEOs of the specific companies by email with clear explanations. Bibliography http://geert-hofstede.com http://ejbo.jyu.fi/pdf/ejbo_vol10_no1_pages_22-28.pdf Jung, S. (2003), â€Å"The effects of organizational culture on conflict resolution in marketing,† Journal of American Academy of Business, Vol. 3 September, pp. 242-46. Katz, D. and Kahn, R. L. (1978), The Social Psychology of Organization, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Ice fili case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ice fili case - Essay Example Although the local companies register commendable profits, they lack the capacity to grow (Xin 4). The ice cream market in Russia is set to experience more competition in future. The main reason for this stems from the fact that competition among local producers has been high over the years. In addition to the local producers, foreign companies have infiltrated the Russian ice cream market, increasing the level of competition. Although the Russian ice cream producers remain dominant in the market, it is expected that if they do not change their marketing strategies, the foreign companies will dominate the market. Today, foreign companies have influenced a number of local consumers, through advertisements. Investing in intensive advertising is affordable to most foreign companies such as Nestle, while the local Russian ice cream producers claim to lack advertising funds. Although these remain popular today, in future, the Russian ice cream market might be taken over by foreign companies (Xin 3). Since competition is high in the Russian ice cream market, Ice Fili should develop an effective differentiation strategy. Ice Fili competes with Nestle in the production of high quality ice cream. Therefore, this company should build differentiation in order to compete favourably. First, Ice Fili should increase its brand recognition through more promotions and advertisements. Currently, the company has limited brand recognition. Secondly, the company should invest only in its strong brands. Today, Ice Fili has a wide range of products it produces, and it has failed to cater for the cost of advertising and promoting all the products. Therefore, by choosing to invest in the strongest brands, the company will have easy time managing them. Finally, the company should widen its distribution networks locally and globally. This will help the company build their brand and brand

Miscommunication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Miscommunication - Research Paper Example Although the cultural exchange that he enjoyed between Australian culture as a function of his own native culture was almost invariably a pleasant and beneficial one, the nuanced levels of meanings that English and his native language provided meant that oftentimes he could not express himself in the correct way or took statements that would otherwise be harmless in English to mean something more sinister than they actually meant. Although this was not the norm, it happened to a large enough extent during my early childhood and adolescence to be a defining characteristic of my life as it related to living at home with my father. Although this brief analysis will point out specific instances in which the aforementioned factors have worked to provide situations in which miscommunication broke down and implied levels of meaning were unable to be successfully conveyed, it should be clearly understood by the reader that this is not meant to cast any type of aspersion onto the character of my father or exhibit any type of intellectual or developmental shortcoming that he may have experienced (Sweeney et al 2010). Rather, this man was the formative foundation for what I consider myself today and an intellectual in every sense of the word; he merely suffered from the fact that he came to a different country and a different culture later in his life and had difficulty acclimating to the new language structure and voca bulary as quickly as a younger person might have. One particular example I remember with a great deal of clarity was concentric around a compliment that my father was attempting to give to a woman he had met. My father was always attempting to strike up conversations with what most people would consider â€Å"strangers†. However, due to the fact that my father never met a â€Å"stranger† in his entire life, he actively sought to engage anyone and everyone in some type of conversation or verbal exchange. This was doubtless partly born out of his

Nature Versus Nurture, which is responsible for leaders Assignment

Nature Versus Nurture, which is responsible for leaders - Assignment Example In order to understand whether or not leaders are natural born or nurtured into a leader, it is important to understand what exactly defines a leader and what type of traits a leader should posses. A leader can be defined as someone who is able to lead others. To lead others is to conduct plans and implement plans in a way other can easily follow. It is also important for a leader to be able to lead others in a way others will want to follow. Possessing a personality that is favored by many is a necessity for someone to be a leader. A leader is able to lead others into a specific event and lead others in a certain directions. Leaders need to have specific traits. Specific traits a leader should posses would include a strong personality. Strong personalities allow a leader to not easily be manipulated and stay focused. A leader must also posses’ traits that allow him or her to be organized. Being organized shows others that as a leader one is confident and well structured. A leader needs to work well under stress. Being able to work well under stress will allow for a leader to take on large tasks without easily becoming discouraged. The more personable one may be, the more able the leader is to obtain followers. A leader is not a leader unless people are willing to follow with their own free will and not by force or fear. Anyone can lead by fear but a true leader leads by personal choice. Knowing what a leader is and specific traits a leader should posses help to further explore the idea that leaders are both born with specific traits and nurtured by proper upbringing. Intelligence is a perfect example as to how leaders can be born leaders. A leader needs to have a certain level of intelligence in order to lead others. One who is born with a higher level of intelligence is able to learn fast, stay focused and keep up with the demand it takes to lead. It would be hard to lead others if one was lacking necessary skills such as

Rhetorical and cultural analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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TRADITION VS MODERNITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Answer the questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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CE Marking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

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Biodiversity and Forests Essay Example for Free

Biodiversity and Forests Essay Protection and conservation of forests and wildlife are essential to maintain the earth’s health and environment. The earth is the only known living planet and it is because of its special environment and ecology which are life-supporting. Forests are part and parcel of our environment. They are one of the most valuable resources and gifts of nature. They play a key role in the maintenance climate, rain-patterns, water and soil conservation. They are the natural home of much type- of animals, birds, reptiles, insects etc. They supply timber, fuel, medicines, and wood for peeper-pulp and raw materials for many industries. The increasing depletion and destruction of wildlife is a source of great concern. One out of every seven persons of the world live in India. India has 16 per cent of the world’s population with only 2. 4 percent of its land area. There is much pressure on our natural resources including forests. In these times of increasing consumerism and nature- hostile activities, the forest-cover is depleting and deteriorating very fast. The conservation of wildlife which includes native plants and animals, depends on protection of forests. Wildlife is the direct product of the land resources and habitat conditions. The neglect of forests moans the destruction of the wild animals. Wildlife, like we human beings, need food, water, and shelter. Destruction of forests, wetlands, marshes, points, grasslands etc. eliminates their sources of food, water and habitat. The National wildlife action Plan launched in 1983 provides the framework of strategy as well as programme for conservation of wildlife. The protected area network till 1 993 consisted of 75 national parks and 421 sanctuaries covering 4. 5 per cent of the total geographical area, which was proposed to be increased to 5. 1 per cent. The wildlife protection Act, 1972 governs wildlife conservation and protection of endangered species. The Act prohibits trade in rare and endangered species. India is a signatory to the Convention on International Trade of Endangered species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Under this export or import of these endangered species is subject to strict control. Commercial exploitation such species is prohibited. The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 has been suitably amended to make the provisions more effective. Endangered species of plants and animals have been brought under the purview of ten acts. India is very rich both in flora and fauna but many plant and animal species are already extinct and many other are on the road to extinction. In spite of various acts and rules- regulations against exploitation of wildlife, the real conservation has one of the major wildlife producer counties of the world and yet there is a skeleton staff to safeguard the interests of wildlife. Poachers are on the prowl even in sanctuaries and protected forest areas. They have become fertile hunting grounds for illegal hunting and killing of animals. The rich and influential people and traders in, animal-skins, horns, etc. have been indulging in hunting, killing and trading of wildlife with impunity. They carry telescopic rifles and other weapons, use traps and poison food and kill the animals. As a result of ecological imbalances and depleting forest-cover, the wild animals come out at night in search of food in the villages and attack human beings and domestic animals and fowls. In some parts of Uttar Pradesh the hyena and wolf-menace was very much in the news. Many children were killed by the wolves and hyenas. Similarly, in Pauri Garwal district of UP some leopards turned into man-eaters. Faced with the scarcity of animals for prey in the forest and continuing attacks from poachers, they become man- eaters. And once a man-eater is always a man- eater because man is the softest target. On many an occasion, the villagers injure more animals then they kill and so the injured animals turn into man-eaters and attack villages at night for food. When a human kill takes place, every leopard or tiger is regarded as man-eater and there is indiscriminate killing consequently, the number of these felines is decreasing fast. Thousands of snails, frog, rats, earthworms, cockroaches and other animals are killed for dissection in schools, colleges and laboratories for experiments. Snakes are also killed indiscriminately out of ignorance as greed. This destroys and disturbs the fragile ecological balance. Tigers are subjected to utmost brutality by man, the most intelligent and evolved animal on the earth. There is mindless destruction of forests for timber, firewood and fuel. Every year there is a loss of about 1. 3 hectares of forest area in India because of large and indiscriminate clearing of forests for cultivation, quarrying and large dams and irrigation projects. Then there is intensive and indiscriminate logging for commercial purposes by contractors and timber-merchants. Over-grazing has also taken its toll. The result is serious ecological imbalance and environment degradation. There is much pressure on forests and the relation between men and forests has reached the lowest depth. Conservation of forests and wildlife is also important from aesthete point of view. They make life beautiful and colourful. Without them human life will lose much of its beauty, charm and meaning. Their proper protection and conservation also means a continuous and adequate supply of food, fodder, medicines, timber etc. Forests and wildlife and renewable resources which need to be diligently protected, preserved and increased in a planned way. There is a need to spread the awareness about forest and wildlife conservation. Social forestry can be taught in schools as a subject. More and more trees should be planted, protected and seen growing and maturing. There should be a ban on mobile zoos and animal rights activists should come forward to wage a war on behalf of the mute and innocent animals. The destruction and degradation of forests in upper reigns like Himalayas causes such other ruins as erosion of top soil erratic rainfall, and recurring floods. Deforestation is a great social and national evil and should be checked on priority basis. It results in loss of productivity and environment degradation among much other harm. Encroachment on forests should also be checked and, if possible, banned, Non government agencies, village communities; trial’s etc. hould be involved in social forestry and regeneration of degraded forest lands. They should be allowed to share the benefits of these schemes in a judicious manner. The forest and wildlife conservation laws should be made more stringent and practiced scrupulously. Veerappan’s continued bloody trade in ivory and sandalwood trade upsets all concerned. Throughout the Nilgiris, it is now almost impossible to spot a large tusker. The full blown assault on forest and wildlife saddens all the Indians and wildlife lovers in foreign countries.

Amylase Activity In Germinating Seeds

Amylase Activity In Germinating Seeds Amylase is an enzyme found in the germinating seeds. Imbibition process causes the release of growth plant (gibberelin) which stimulates the synthesis of amylase. Amylase activity is affected by many factors such as temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of any inhibitors or activators.  [1]  Amylase enzyme in the green bean seeds works best at specific range of temperature. The cotyledons store food for the use of embryo in the form of starch. Amylase enzyme breaks down starch into maltose, a chain of two glucose molecules Maltose then breaks down into glucose. Glucose is used for the growth of plumule and radicle. When this process happens, the seeds are said to undergo germination process. The emergence of plumule and radicle indicate that the seeds have germinated. In germinated seeds, the blue colour of the Benedicts solution change to brick-red precipitate indicating the presence of glucose while maintaining the yellowish-brown colo ur of the iodine solution indicating the absence of starch. However, in non-germinated seeds, the yellowish-brown colour of the iodine solution change to blue black indicating the presence of starch while maintaining the blue colour of the Benedicts solution indicating the absence of glucose. AIM : To investigate the amylase activity during seed germination RESEARCH QUESTION: How does amylase activity affect the rate of seed germination? HYPOTHESIS: The higher the amylase activity, the higher the rate of seed germination which is indicated by the higher changes in length of plumule and radicle. Hence, the area of starch agar that represents the absence of starch is bigger and the concentration of brick-red precipitate is lower indicating the presence of small amount glucose. VARIABLES: Units Range Independent Variable Different condition of the seeds Vary the conditions of the green bean seeds by boiling, soaking and drying Dependent Variable Change in length of radicle and plumule Measure the change in length of radicle and plumule by using the ruler cm Table 1 : The independent and dependent variable of the experiment and method to control. Control variables Units Range The temperature of the incubator Set the temperature of the incubator at 25 °C throughout the experiment  °C -10 110 The time taken for each plate to be left in the incubator Left each plate for 1 week The type of seed used Use the same type of seed which is green been seeds for each sterile starch agar plate The number of seed placed in each plate Place 5 green bean seeds in each of the sterile starch agar plate Table 2: The control variables of the experiment and method to control. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS : APPARATUS Apparatus Quantity Test tube 2 Beaker 2 Ruler 1 Microwave oven 1 Marker 1 Razor blade 1 Incubator 1 Pestle and mortar 1 set Table 3: The list of apparatus. MATERIAL Material Quantity Benedicts solution Some Iodine solution Some Disinfectant Some Distilled water 50 ml Green bean seeds 15 Sterile starch agar plate 3 Table 4: The list of material. PROCEDURE : A. PREPARING DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF GREEN BEAN SEEDS. Soak 5 green bean seeds in distilled water for 24 hours. Heat 5 green bean seeds in the microwave oven at 35 °C for about 30 minutes. Boil 5 green bean seeds. B. INVESTIGATING THE AMYLASE ACTIVITY OF GREEN BEAN SEEDS. Label 3 sterile starch agar plates with A (boiled green bean seeds), B (soaked green bean seeds) and C (dried green bean seeds) Cut each seeds of different conditions into half to split the cotyledon by using the razor blade. Soak the split seeds into disinfectant solution for 10 minutes for sterilization and then rinse twice using the distilled water. Place 5 boiled green bean seeds in plate A, 5 soaked green bean seeds in B and 5 dried green bean seeds in C by using the forceps. Place all the labeled plates in the incubator at temperature of 25 °C for 1 week. After 1 week, retrieve all the plates. Take out the seeds from plate A and cut the radicle and plumule by using the razor blade. Measure and record the length of radicle and plumule by using the ruler. Pour iodine solution into sterile starch agar plate until it covers the whole agar for 3 minutes and observe the size of the area represents the absence of starch. Transfer the seeds including the plumule and radicle into the mortar. Put a spoonful of sand and 10 ml of distilled water into the mortar. Grind the mixture using the pestle until it becomes watery mixture. Pour some of the watery mixture obtained into a test tube and add 2 drops of Benedicts solution to test for the presence of glucose. Note the colour changes and record the data obtained. Record all the measurement and observation in a table. Repeat steps 7-14 for plate B and C. DATA COLLECTION : QUALITATIVE DATA Plate Condition of the seeds Observation A Boiled green bean seeds B Soaked green bean seeds C Dried green beans seeds Table 5: Observation on the change in the colour of iodine solution and Benedicts solution. QUANTITATIVE DATA Plate A (boiled green bean seeds) Plate B (soaked green bean seeds) Plate C (dried green beans seeds) Change in length of the radicle, cm ( ± 0.05) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Change in length of the plumule, cm ( ± 0.05) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Table 6: The change in length of the radicle and plumule.

Adorno and Horkheimers Dialectic of Enlightenment Essay -- Mythology

Adorno and Horkheimer's Dialectic of Enlightenment 'Myth is already enlightenment; and enlightenment reverts to mythology' (Dialectic of Enlightenment XVI) Adorno and Horkheimer's obscure and nihilistic text Dialectic of Enlightenment (DoE) is an attempt to answer the question 'why mankind, instead of entering a truly human condition, is sinking into a new kind of barbarism' (DoE, p.xi). The result is a totalising critique of modernity; a diagnosis of why the Enlightenment project failed with no attempt to prescribe a cure. This is achieved by a historical-philosophical study of the mythic world-view of animism and anthropomorphism and the Enlightenment attempt to dissolve myth through objectification and instrumental reason. DoE also uses Homer's Odyssey as a metaphorical interpretation of this historical change, where Odysseus is the prototype of the bourgeois man. This study reveals for Adorno and Horkheimer the failure of the Enlightenment project. Enlightenment has no claim to being less a myth than the mythology it failed to escape. This new myth is defined for them by the drive to dominate nature at the expense of alienation of man from nature and from his own inner nature. They follow the appearance of the subject as it is objectified alongside nature, and is dominated with it. The subject becomes an object and his intellect becomes instrumental, and all instinct and sensory experience that fails to be productive in the pursuit of domination is repressed, man becomes mechanized. They also assert that class domination is a direct and inevitable consequence of the attempt to dominate nature, and is therefore inescapable. Background to the text. Adorno and Horkheimer, members of the Frankfurt school in Germany, wrote DoE (which was completed in 1944) while Fascism, a kind of barbarism never seen before, was threatening Europe. They viewed this as the epitome of the self-destructive nature of enlightenment, the final evidence that it would never result in 'a truly human condition'. They wrote in the introduction to DoE that 'the indefatigable self-destructiveness of enlightenment†¦requires philosophy to discard even the last vestiges of innocence in regard to the habits and tendencies of the spirit of the age' (p.xi), hence the intensity of their critique. Being part of the Frankfurt school, Adorno and Horkheimer were influenced... ...kfurt school, does not accept Adorno's solution. He believes Adorno is being too nihilistic in [continued next page] allowing no way to escape instrumental rationality. Habermas's main philosophical project has been to resolve this problem, to allow for the possibility of substantive rationality (i.e. rationality that is not aimed at power and domination but, rather, validity) and, thus, to save the project of the Enlightenment. The result is a theory of open communication that is aimed at an 'ideal speech situation', that is, at a discourse not tainted by instrumental aims. Bibliography: Theodor Adorno and Maw Horkheimer: The Dialectic of Enlightenment (Verso: London, 1997). Theodor Adorno: Negative Dialectics (Routledge: London, 1990)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jurgen Habermas: The Entwinement of Myth and Enlightenment: Re-reading Dialectic of Enlightenment, in Jay Bernstein (ed.): The Frankfurt School: Critical Assessments vol.3 (Routledge: London, 1994). Axel Honneth: The Critique of Power: Reflective Stages of Critical Social Theory (M.I.T: Boston, 1991). Gà ¶ran Therborn: The Frankfurt School, in New Left Review (ed.): Western Marxism: a Critical Reader (New Left Books: Norfolk, 1977).

Against the Death Penalty Essay -- Papers Argumentative Capital Punish

Against the Death Penalty The death penalty is one of the most controversial issues in our time. There are many issues that show and prove the death penalty is wrong and reasons why it should be ceased. Many issues have objections towards the death penalty shows that the death penalty is unfair, irreversible and expensive. The Death penalty is an unfair system used as punishment to criminals that performed wrong and unmoral crimes. The death penalty is unfair in the way that is discriminatory towards color, and race. For example, in the trials of many court cases, a person who kills a white person is treated much more severely then one who kills a black person. Of the 313 criminals that have been executed between 1997 and 1995, 36 of those killed has been convicted of killing a black person while 249 of those killed has been convicted of killing a white person. From the 178 white people who have been executed, only 3 where convicted of murdering a person of color. This proves that our judicial system executes people regardless of their race who kill white people. These are not the only ones who are discriminated against, gender also determines who receives the death penalty. Between the 80's and early 90's, 1% of all those on death row were women even though women commit 15% of all criminal homicides. The death penalty is also discriminates against the poor. Even though all cases require the defendants to have a lawyer, 90 % of all those executed could not afford to hire a lawyer when they were tried. These stats show how unfair the death penalty really is towards the minorities, genders and of those of poor social class. A big down side to the death penalty would be the irreversibility of situation. Once the life ... ...why not just keep them in prison right? Well, if the congress could only se that and the judicial system would see that it is less economical maybe they too may agree that the death penalty is not the best choice for punishment. Many people are for the death penalty because they feel that they should suffer what they did to the victim. When in fact that the US system was not meant as a way of revenge towards the criminal. A better alternative would be to let the criminal be locked in jail with no parole, which would be less controversial than going forward with the execution. With all of these issues stated, it can be clearly seen that the death penalty is judgmental, unfair and expensive. There have been cases when innocent people have been executed or in other words murdered because some one made a mistake or there was not enough info to prove him innocent.

Essay --

Good morning/afternoon everybody. Today, I am here to discuss the overall wealth of America, in hopes to better justify our economy. It is to my understanding that as of this moment, the United States and its economy stands fairly well, increasing total tax revenue by 13%, from $2,482.241 (two trillion four hundred eighty two billion) in 2012, to $2,806.386 in 2013. In addition, we were able to decrease our budget deficit by an additional 27%, with a final deficit standing at $811.851. Although our standings are settled at a decent position, there are ways we could execute even greater; and that is through the improvement of health and human services, the return of our nation’s military from the Middle East, education, alternative energy, and the regulation of taxes. One of the major focuses of our proposal is the improvement of health and human services. Prior to my election, there has been concern about this department due to the recent government shutdown. From October 1 through October 16, the United States entered this shutdown, and reduced most routine operations after Congress failed to enact funds for the fiscal year 2014. The principal factor to this shutdown was The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, otherwise known as Obamacare. What this law required was for all Americans to have health insurance—regardless if they truly need it or not—so the total costs towards Medicare and Medicaid spending would decrease. However, it is not worth disrupting government funding to undercut healthcare costs. Congress has one key duty in the Constitution, and that is to pass spending bills that fund the government. With no compromise, our government may experience another one of these disastrous events. To fix this predicament.. . ...ity that continues to be a problem is the amount of alcohol and cigarette users here in the states. The adverse health affects from alcohol consumption accounts for an estimate of 75,000 deaths, while cigarette smoking accounts for an estimate of 443,000 deaths each year in the United States. To promote a healthier lifestyle, in addition to internalizing the externality, we will be placing a $0.10 tax on alcohol and a $0.50 tax on cigarettes, in hopes to reduce demand and utilization. However, if alcohol and cigarette users continue to be unresponsive to the change in price, consumers would still continue to purchase these products, and it would eventually benefit the government in terms of raising money with minimum waste, for it would raise revenue with minimal distortion. In other words, as a result of this tax raise, we will be increasing revenue $5.323 billion.

Cell Phone

Tia Jeffries English 101 Mrs. Baker 17 March 2013 Positive Effects of Cellular Phones in Society The cellular phone is perhaps one of the greatest innovations known to man. The cellular phone coupled with technological advancements has influenced the lives of people from all lifestyles globally. However, the cellular phone has undergone massive evolution over time from the bulky hand-held telephone at its beginning to the hand-held mobile devices it is today. Through evolution the cellular phone has a positive effect on society. The cellular phone started essentially as a communication device.However, it has evolved into a personal organizer, a mobile office, an instrument of distribution of culture and knowledge among other utilities. The society has seemingly evolved alongside the cellular phone. Notable, is the effect the cellular phone has had on the manner the society communicates, engages in business, entertains itself, and generates popular culture (Hanson 213). The present so ciety is so reliable on the cellular phone that it cannot imagine a day without it. In essence, the cellular phone has helped today’s society to be what it is by influencing literary every aspect of living in the twenty-first century.This includes being interconnected, more knowledgeable, innovative, and globalized. What follows are a few aspects of the society that have benefitted from the cellular phone. Communication is perhaps the single biggest gain for the society because of cellular phones. Although this was the original intention of the cellular phones during their inception, advancements in this area has seen increased benefits to the society (Murray 59). To begin with, people may easily keep in touch globally through voice services and short messaging services (sms) also known as texting (Baldwin, n. d. . In addition, advanced models of cellular phones allow sending of electronic mail and sharing of photos and videos (Pandey, 2012). Major advancements in the increas e of frequencies of cellular communication and broadening of data transfer bandwidths allow exchange of large contents of information. One of such advancements that come with improved cellular phone models is video calls that allow regular phone voice calls to be accompanied by videos of the caller and the receiver (Katz 212). This gives a near realistic effect to communication that resembles face-to-face communication.Increased accessibility to mobile devises has also contributed greatly to the number of people able to communicate using cellular phones (Pandey, 2012). Cellular phones have also drastically reduced the cost of communication. This has been occasioned by the low costs of calling as compare to the previous models of using fixed line telephones, which cost more especially for long distance calls. In addition, the cost of the cellular phones themselves has drastically reduced due to increased competition among manufactures and improved manufacturing technologies. The fact that cellular phones are hand-held devices makes communication convenient.One can communicate while engaging in other activities like walking, queuing at a bank or supermarket, and riding in a bus, train, or car. This allows people to multitask which saves time (Pandey, 2012). Cellular phones have increased the level of safety and the feeling of security in the society. This is because a cell phone is a mobile device that is carried by people everywhere they are. Therefore, the cell phone becomes useful in times of emergency. For instance, one may call for help in cases of motor accidents, sudden sickness, robbery, elevator failure, and other similar events (Stewart, 2008).In fact, cell phones are coded at the manufacturing factory, with emergency call numbers that one can use, even if one does not have calling units; what is referred to as emergency service. These include 911, police line numbers, ambulance numbers, customer care numbers for calling the cell phone service provider s among others. There are also other service numbers that may be used on emergencies where the receiver of the call absorbs the calling charge also known as 0-800- service. The cellular phone, through GPS may be used to track individuals and determine the location of a cell phone carrier.For example, parents can keep track of their children through this service (Goggin 136). This is especially useful when dealing with teenage children who may sometimes involve themselves in deviant behavior if not well supervised by the parents. In addition, if one is lost, one can determine the location by using the GPS service in the cellular phone (Stewart, 2008). In fact, this service may also be used to track vehicles in case of a car robbery. This works by fitting a vehicle with a SIM card, which the vehicle owner can communicate with to determine the vehicle’s location.The cellular phone acts as a transmitter, which makes this kind of tracking possible (Unhelkar 36). This application h as also gained prominence in the tracking of lost cellular phones even if they are switched off. The Samsung Corporation presently has phone tracking as a standard feature in its cellular phone models, which makes it possible for a person to track a lost or stolen phone. Cellular phones have greatly reduced in size since their inception. This has made them become known as mobile devices meaning they can be easily be carried along, fitting in confined spaces like in the pocket of an individual.The miniaturization of this device has gained much from advancement in technology. One of these gains is from the increase in range that the device can be used. Cellular phones can now be used over longer ranges than before (Baldwin, n. d. ). Secondly, the cellular phone incorporates multiple devices, all compressed into a mobile device. Thirdly, with the use of accessories like hands free, the cellular phone may allow increased mobility of the user (Unhelkar 98). Fourthly, the present cellular phone has almost similar capabilities as a laptop computer, only smaller.For instance, the Iphone by Apple Inc. is able to do anything, similar to a regular laptop (Goggin 77). However, the Iphone has the advantage is being smaller thus enhancing mobility of the user. Cellular phones have gained tremendously from major technological advancements to the benefit of the society. Originally, cellular phones only provided voice call services. However, cellular phones now provide a varied bouquet of services, which include messaging, video calls and video conferencing, chatting, and sharing of photos (Stewart, 2008).Major innovations in cellular phones have seen them become more that communication devises due to incorporation of other functionalities. Firstly, one of these functionalities includes calculators, alarms, and reminders, which assist in personal organization (Easton 291). Secondly, the cellular phone has incorporated entertainment applications, which include games, music, and video playing capabilities (Goggin 130). Thirdly, the cellular phone has also incorporated traditional mass communication devises like the television and radio (Hanson 73).Finally, the cellular phone now includes cameras, voice and video recorders and flashlights (Hanson 91). All this make the cellular phone a compact tool with multiple functions for the convenience of the user. The cellular phones have contributed to enhancement of economic productivity in various ways. Firstly, cell phones have removed the necessity of physical meetings by offering video conferencing services and other services where more than two people can speech to each other at the same time (Baldwin, n. d. ). Secondly, business transactions can take place faster and remotely.For instance, one can pay for goods using mobile money transfers via cell phones without having to send the money physically (Easton 19). Thirdly, cellular phones now have several applications like calendars, reminders, voice recorders, alarms, and note keepers that help in the organization of the activities of an individual (Admin, 2010). Lastly, businesses can now advertise their products through the cellular phone. Such advertisements come in form of text messages and picture messages and may sometimes be accompanied with prize rewards (Easton 121).This phenomenon is proliferated by the low cost of using cellular phones as opposed to the traditional advertisement that uses commercials and posters to get the attention of probable customers. All this applications have improved efficiency and convenience of doing business while keeping the cost low thus enhancing productivity. The cellular phone has immensely increased the access to internet and its related services. It is now possible to obtain an internet-enabled cellular phone at a low price depending of the connectivity technology used.There are several technologies in use for accessing internet via cellular phones and these include GPRS, EDGE, 2G, WAP, 3G, 3. 5G, UTMS, and HSPDA among others (Hanson 42). These technologies differ in speed, range, and volume transfer capabilities. Access to internet opens up a world of other possibilities of applications of the cellular phone, which include modes of communication, commerce, knowledge acquisition, health and other social issues. For instance, increased internet access increases the proliferation of online communities where individuals can discuss and share their interests through social media (Katz 78).Secondly, increased access to internet facilitates commerce. This includes online business transactions, marketing, and product improvement through customer feedback among others (Hanson 59). Thirdly, it broadens and even transforms the ways of doing business by offering low cost alternatives suitable for small business startups, which may have a positive effect in the society’s wellbeing (Unhelkar 41). Lastly, increased internet access facilitates globalization (Katz 33). This is due to the increased sharing of culture and broadening of economies without the confines of geographical borders.It is evident that the cellular phone has had profound effect on the society, which is largely positive. These include enhanced communication speeds and quality, increased feeling of security among individuals, increased mobility of the user and advancement in technology, which has brought many devices and functionalities into the cellular phone. In addition, the cellular phone has contributed immensely to increased productivity and increased internet access. From these aspects, the society has gained much from the cell phone. Works Cited Admin. â€Å"Cell Phones and Their Positive Effects in the Society. Cell Phone Brands and News for Cell Phone Fans. N. P. , 30 Aug. 2010. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. They have played an important and positive role when it comes to the operation of different businesses. Baldwin, Anya. â€Å"Positive Effects of Cellphone Technology in the Workplace. † Small Business. n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Multiple Lines, More Direct Line of Communication, On-Call Availability, and Texting, is all available when using a cell phone. Easton, Jaclyn. Going Wireless: Transform Your Business with Mobile Technology. New York: Harper Business, 2002. Print.In this journalist story, Jaclyn Easton talks about the advantages of wirelessly fortifying your mobile workforce of itinerant executive, sales personnel, also field service technicians as well as how wireless is dramatically redefining customer service, marketing advertising. Goggin, Gerard. Cell Phone Culture: Mobile Technology in Everyday Life. London: Routledge, 2006. Print. Drawing on a range of national, regional, and international examples, this text explores the new forms of consumption and use of communication and media technology that the phenomenon of mobiles represents.Hanson, Jarice. 24/7: How Cell Phones and the Internet Change the Way We Live, Work, and Play. Westport, Conn: P raeger, 2007. Print. The revolution in online services and mobile phone use changed our lives at the turn of the 21st century. This book demonstrates that these technologies enable us to work and play 24/7 Katz, James. Magic in the Air: Mobile Communication and the Transformation of Social Life. New Brunswick, N. J: Transaction Publishers, 2006. Print. In this volume, James E. Katz, a leading authority on social consequences of communication technology, nalyzes the way new mobile telecommunications affect daily life both in the United States and around the world. Murray, James. Wireless Nation: The Frenzied Launch of the Cellular Revolution in America. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub. , 2001. Print. Wireless Nation details how the genesis of the cell phone business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. But this colorful, engaging account of cellular's strange history is much more than a business narrative. Pandey, Kundan. Advantages of mobile phones. 3 December 2012. Web. 15 March 2013. It is hard to im agine a world without cell phones now. Stewart, Douglas. How Cell Phones Have Changed Our Lives. † Articlesbase. com. 28 May 2008. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Cell phones made multitasking a brand new meaning. You can talk to family members that far away, if you are lost you have GPS or can call for help. Many more advantages come from cell phones. Cell phones are a great asset in aiding in our everyday lives. Unhelkar, Bhuvan. Handbook of Research in Mobile Business: Technical, Methodological, and Social Perspectives. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2009. Print. This book collects the latest research advances in the rapidly evolving field of mobile business Cell Phone Tia Jeffries English 101 Mrs. Baker 17 March 2013 Positive Effects of Cellular Phones in Society The cellular phone is perhaps one of the greatest innovations known to man. The cellular phone coupled with technological advancements has influenced the lives of people from all lifestyles globally. However, the cellular phone has undergone massive evolution over time from the bulky hand-held telephone at its beginning to the hand-held mobile devices it is today. Through evolution the cellular phone has a positive effect on society. The cellular phone started essentially as a communication device.However, it has evolved into a personal organizer, a mobile office, an instrument of distribution of culture and knowledge among other utilities. The society has seemingly evolved alongside the cellular phone. Notable, is the effect the cellular phone has had on the manner the society communicates, engages in business, entertains itself, and generates popular culture (Hanson 213). The present so ciety is so reliable on the cellular phone that it cannot imagine a day without it. In essence, the cellular phone has helped today’s society to be what it is by influencing literary every aspect of living in the twenty-first century.This includes being interconnected, more knowledgeable, innovative, and globalized. What follows are a few aspects of the society that have benefitted from the cellular phone. Communication is perhaps the single biggest gain for the society because of cellular phones. Although this was the original intention of the cellular phones during their inception, advancements in this area has seen increased benefits to the society (Murray 59). To begin with, people may easily keep in touch globally through voice services and short messaging services (sms) also known as texting (Baldwin, n. d. . In addition, advanced models of cellular phones allow sending of electronic mail and sharing of photos and videos (Pandey, 2012). Major advancements in the increas e of frequencies of cellular communication and broadening of data transfer bandwidths allow exchange of large contents of information. One of such advancements that come with improved cellular phone models is video calls that allow regular phone voice calls to be accompanied by videos of the caller and the receiver (Katz 212). This gives a near realistic effect to communication that resembles face-to-face communication.Increased accessibility to mobile devises has also contributed greatly to the number of people able to communicate using cellular phones (Pandey, 2012). Cellular phones have also drastically reduced the cost of communication. This has been occasioned by the low costs of calling as compare to the previous models of using fixed line telephones, which cost more especially for long distance calls. In addition, the cost of the cellular phones themselves has drastically reduced due to increased competition among manufactures and improved manufacturing technologies. The fact that cellular phones are hand-held devices makes communication convenient.One can communicate while engaging in other activities like walking, queuing at a bank or supermarket, and riding in a bus, train, or car. This allows people to multitask which saves time (Pandey, 2012). Cellular phones have increased the level of safety and the feeling of security in the society. This is because a cell phone is a mobile device that is carried by people everywhere they are. Therefore, the cell phone becomes useful in times of emergency. For instance, one may call for help in cases of motor accidents, sudden sickness, robbery, elevator failure, and other similar events (Stewart, 2008).In fact, cell phones are coded at the manufacturing factory, with emergency call numbers that one can use, even if one does not have calling units; what is referred to as emergency service. These include 911, police line numbers, ambulance numbers, customer care numbers for calling the cell phone service provider s among others. There are also other service numbers that may be used on emergencies where the receiver of the call absorbs the calling charge also known as 0-800- service. The cellular phone, through GPS may be used to track individuals and determine the location of a cell phone carrier.For example, parents can keep track of their children through this service (Goggin 136). This is especially useful when dealing with teenage children who may sometimes involve themselves in deviant behavior if not well supervised by the parents. In addition, if one is lost, one can determine the location by using the GPS service in the cellular phone (Stewart, 2008). In fact, this service may also be used to track vehicles in case of a car robbery. This works by fitting a vehicle with a SIM card, which the vehicle owner can communicate with to determine the vehicle’s location.The cellular phone acts as a transmitter, which makes this kind of tracking possible (Unhelkar 36). This application h as also gained prominence in the tracking of lost cellular phones even if they are switched off. The Samsung Corporation presently has phone tracking as a standard feature in its cellular phone models, which makes it possible for a person to track a lost or stolen phone. Cellular phones have greatly reduced in size since their inception. This has made them become known as mobile devices meaning they can be easily be carried along, fitting in confined spaces like in the pocket of an individual.The miniaturization of this device has gained much from advancement in technology. One of these gains is from the increase in range that the device can be used. Cellular phones can now be used over longer ranges than before (Baldwin, n. d. ). Secondly, the cellular phone incorporates multiple devices, all compressed into a mobile device. Thirdly, with the use of accessories like hands free, the cellular phone may allow increased mobility of the user (Unhelkar 98). Fourthly, the present cellular phone has almost similar capabilities as a laptop computer, only smaller.For instance, the Iphone by Apple Inc. is able to do anything, similar to a regular laptop (Goggin 77). However, the Iphone has the advantage is being smaller thus enhancing mobility of the user. Cellular phones have gained tremendously from major technological advancements to the benefit of the society. Originally, cellular phones only provided voice call services. However, cellular phones now provide a varied bouquet of services, which include messaging, video calls and video conferencing, chatting, and sharing of photos (Stewart, 2008).Major innovations in cellular phones have seen them become more that communication devises due to incorporation of other functionalities. Firstly, one of these functionalities includes calculators, alarms, and reminders, which assist in personal organization (Easton 291). Secondly, the cellular phone has incorporated entertainment applications, which include games, music, and video playing capabilities (Goggin 130). Thirdly, the cellular phone has also incorporated traditional mass communication devises like the television and radio (Hanson 73).Finally, the cellular phone now includes cameras, voice and video recorders and flashlights (Hanson 91). All this make the cellular phone a compact tool with multiple functions for the convenience of the user. The cellular phones have contributed to enhancement of economic productivity in various ways. Firstly, cell phones have removed the necessity of physical meetings by offering video conferencing services and other services where more than two people can speech to each other at the same time (Baldwin, n. d. ). Secondly, business transactions can take place faster and remotely.For instance, one can pay for goods using mobile money transfers via cell phones without having to send the money physically (Easton 19). Thirdly, cellular phones now have several applications like calendars, reminders, voice recorders, alarms, and note keepers that help in the organization of the activities of an individual (Admin, 2010). Lastly, businesses can now advertise their products through the cellular phone. Such advertisements come in form of text messages and picture messages and may sometimes be accompanied with prize rewards (Easton 121).This phenomenon is proliferated by the low cost of using cellular phones as opposed to the traditional advertisement that uses commercials and posters to get the attention of probable customers. All this applications have improved efficiency and convenience of doing business while keeping the cost low thus enhancing productivity. The cellular phone has immensely increased the access to internet and its related services. It is now possible to obtain an internet-enabled cellular phone at a low price depending of the connectivity technology used.There are several technologies in use for accessing internet via cellular phones and these include GPRS, EDGE, 2G, WAP, 3G, 3. 5G, UTMS, and HSPDA among others (Hanson 42). These technologies differ in speed, range, and volume transfer capabilities. Access to internet opens up a world of other possibilities of applications of the cellular phone, which include modes of communication, commerce, knowledge acquisition, health and other social issues. For instance, increased internet access increases the proliferation of online communities where individuals can discuss and share their interests through social media (Katz 78).Secondly, increased access to internet facilitates commerce. This includes online business transactions, marketing, and product improvement through customer feedback among others (Hanson 59). Thirdly, it broadens and even transforms the ways of doing business by offering low cost alternatives suitable for small business startups, which may have a positive effect in the society’s wellbeing (Unhelkar 41). Lastly, increased internet access facilitates globalization (Katz 33). This is due to the increased sharing of culture and broadening of economies without the confines of geographical borders.It is evident that the cellular phone has had profound effect on the society, which is largely positive. These include enhanced communication speeds and quality, increased feeling of security among individuals, increased mobility of the user and advancement in technology, which has brought many devices and functionalities into the cellular phone. In addition, the cellular phone has contributed immensely to increased productivity and increased internet access. From these aspects, the society has gained much from the cell phone. Works Cited Admin. â€Å"Cell Phones and Their Positive Effects in the Society. Cell Phone Brands and News for Cell Phone Fans. N. P. , 30 Aug. 2010. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. They have played an important and positive role when it comes to the operation of different businesses. Baldwin, Anya. â€Å"Positive Effects of Cellphone Technology in the Workplace. † Small Business. n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Multiple Lines, More Direct Line of Communication, On-Call Availability, and Texting, is all available when using a cell phone. Easton, Jaclyn. Going Wireless: Transform Your Business with Mobile Technology. New York: Harper Business, 2002. Print.In this journalist story, Jaclyn Easton talks about the advantages of wirelessly fortifying your mobile workforce of itinerant executive, sales personnel, also field service technicians as well as how wireless is dramatically redefining customer service, marketing advertising. Goggin, Gerard. Cell Phone Culture: Mobile Technology in Everyday Life. London: Routledge, 2006. Print. Drawing on a range of national, regional, and international examples, this text explores the new forms of consumption and use of communication and media technology that the phenomenon of mobiles represents.Hanson, Jarice. 24/7: How Cell Phones and the Internet Change the Way We Live, Work, and Play. Westport, Conn: P raeger, 2007. Print. The revolution in online services and mobile phone use changed our lives at the turn of the 21st century. This book demonstrates that these technologies enable us to work and play 24/7 Katz, James. Magic in the Air: Mobile Communication and the Transformation of Social Life. New Brunswick, N. J: Transaction Publishers, 2006. Print. In this volume, James E. Katz, a leading authority on social consequences of communication technology, nalyzes the way new mobile telecommunications affect daily life both in the United States and around the world. Murray, James. Wireless Nation: The Frenzied Launch of the Cellular Revolution in America. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub. , 2001. Print. Wireless Nation details how the genesis of the cell phone business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. But this colorful, engaging account of cellular's strange history is much more than a business narrative. Pandey, Kundan. Advantages of mobile phones. 3 December 2012. Web. 15 March 2013. It is hard to im agine a world without cell phones now. Stewart, Douglas. How Cell Phones Have Changed Our Lives. † Articlesbase. com. 28 May 2008. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Cell phones made multitasking a brand new meaning. You can talk to family members that far away, if you are lost you have GPS or can call for help. Many more advantages come from cell phones. Cell phones are a great asset in aiding in our everyday lives. Unhelkar, Bhuvan. Handbook of Research in Mobile Business: Technical, Methodological, and Social Perspectives. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2009. Print. This book collects the latest research advances in the rapidly evolving field of mobile business Cell Phone Tia Jeffries English 101 Mrs. Baker 17 March 2013 Positive Effects of Cellular Phones in Society The cellular phone is perhaps one of the greatest innovations known to man. The cellular phone coupled with technological advancements has influenced the lives of people from all lifestyles globally. However, the cellular phone has undergone massive evolution over time from the bulky hand-held telephone at its beginning to the hand-held mobile devices it is today. Through evolution the cellular phone has a positive effect on society. The cellular phone started essentially as a communication device.However, it has evolved into a personal organizer, a mobile office, an instrument of distribution of culture and knowledge among other utilities. The society has seemingly evolved alongside the cellular phone. Notable, is the effect the cellular phone has had on the manner the society communicates, engages in business, entertains itself, and generates popular culture (Hanson 213). The present so ciety is so reliable on the cellular phone that it cannot imagine a day without it. In essence, the cellular phone has helped today’s society to be what it is by influencing literary every aspect of living in the twenty-first century.This includes being interconnected, more knowledgeable, innovative, and globalized. What follows are a few aspects of the society that have benefitted from the cellular phone. Communication is perhaps the single biggest gain for the society because of cellular phones. Although this was the original intention of the cellular phones during their inception, advancements in this area has seen increased benefits to the society (Murray 59). To begin with, people may easily keep in touch globally through voice services and short messaging services (sms) also known as texting (Baldwin, n. d. . In addition, advanced models of cellular phones allow sending of electronic mail and sharing of photos and videos (Pandey, 2012). Major advancements in the increas e of frequencies of cellular communication and broadening of data transfer bandwidths allow exchange of large contents of information. One of such advancements that come with improved cellular phone models is video calls that allow regular phone voice calls to be accompanied by videos of the caller and the receiver (Katz 212). This gives a near realistic effect to communication that resembles face-to-face communication.Increased accessibility to mobile devises has also contributed greatly to the number of people able to communicate using cellular phones (Pandey, 2012). Cellular phones have also drastically reduced the cost of communication. This has been occasioned by the low costs of calling as compare to the previous models of using fixed line telephones, which cost more especially for long distance calls. In addition, the cost of the cellular phones themselves has drastically reduced due to increased competition among manufactures and improved manufacturing technologies. The fact that cellular phones are hand-held devices makes communication convenient.One can communicate while engaging in other activities like walking, queuing at a bank or supermarket, and riding in a bus, train, or car. This allows people to multitask which saves time (Pandey, 2012). Cellular phones have increased the level of safety and the feeling of security in the society. This is because a cell phone is a mobile device that is carried by people everywhere they are. Therefore, the cell phone becomes useful in times of emergency. For instance, one may call for help in cases of motor accidents, sudden sickness, robbery, elevator failure, and other similar events (Stewart, 2008).In fact, cell phones are coded at the manufacturing factory, with emergency call numbers that one can use, even if one does not have calling units; what is referred to as emergency service. These include 911, police line numbers, ambulance numbers, customer care numbers for calling the cell phone service provider s among others. There are also other service numbers that may be used on emergencies where the receiver of the call absorbs the calling charge also known as 0-800- service. The cellular phone, through GPS may be used to track individuals and determine the location of a cell phone carrier.For example, parents can keep track of their children through this service (Goggin 136). This is especially useful when dealing with teenage children who may sometimes involve themselves in deviant behavior if not well supervised by the parents. In addition, if one is lost, one can determine the location by using the GPS service in the cellular phone (Stewart, 2008). In fact, this service may also be used to track vehicles in case of a car robbery. This works by fitting a vehicle with a SIM card, which the vehicle owner can communicate with to determine the vehicle’s location.The cellular phone acts as a transmitter, which makes this kind of tracking possible (Unhelkar 36). This application h as also gained prominence in the tracking of lost cellular phones even if they are switched off. The Samsung Corporation presently has phone tracking as a standard feature in its cellular phone models, which makes it possible for a person to track a lost or stolen phone. Cellular phones have greatly reduced in size since their inception. This has made them become known as mobile devices meaning they can be easily be carried along, fitting in confined spaces like in the pocket of an individual.The miniaturization of this device has gained much from advancement in technology. One of these gains is from the increase in range that the device can be used. Cellular phones can now be used over longer ranges than before (Baldwin, n. d. ). Secondly, the cellular phone incorporates multiple devices, all compressed into a mobile device. Thirdly, with the use of accessories like hands free, the cellular phone may allow increased mobility of the user (Unhelkar 98). Fourthly, the present cellular phone has almost similar capabilities as a laptop computer, only smaller.For instance, the Iphone by Apple Inc. is able to do anything, similar to a regular laptop (Goggin 77). However, the Iphone has the advantage is being smaller thus enhancing mobility of the user. Cellular phones have gained tremendously from major technological advancements to the benefit of the society. Originally, cellular phones only provided voice call services. However, cellular phones now provide a varied bouquet of services, which include messaging, video calls and video conferencing, chatting, and sharing of photos (Stewart, 2008).Major innovations in cellular phones have seen them become more that communication devises due to incorporation of other functionalities. Firstly, one of these functionalities includes calculators, alarms, and reminders, which assist in personal organization (Easton 291). Secondly, the cellular phone has incorporated entertainment applications, which include games, music, and video playing capabilities (Goggin 130). Thirdly, the cellular phone has also incorporated traditional mass communication devises like the television and radio (Hanson 73).Finally, the cellular phone now includes cameras, voice and video recorders and flashlights (Hanson 91). All this make the cellular phone a compact tool with multiple functions for the convenience of the user. The cellular phones have contributed to enhancement of economic productivity in various ways. Firstly, cell phones have removed the necessity of physical meetings by offering video conferencing services and other services where more than two people can speech to each other at the same time (Baldwin, n. d. ). Secondly, business transactions can take place faster and remotely.For instance, one can pay for goods using mobile money transfers via cell phones without having to send the money physically (Easton 19). Thirdly, cellular phones now have several applications like calendars, reminders, voice recorders, alarms, and note keepers that help in the organization of the activities of an individual (Admin, 2010). Lastly, businesses can now advertise their products through the cellular phone. Such advertisements come in form of text messages and picture messages and may sometimes be accompanied with prize rewards (Easton 121).This phenomenon is proliferated by the low cost of using cellular phones as opposed to the traditional advertisement that uses commercials and posters to get the attention of probable customers. All this applications have improved efficiency and convenience of doing business while keeping the cost low thus enhancing productivity. The cellular phone has immensely increased the access to internet and its related services. It is now possible to obtain an internet-enabled cellular phone at a low price depending of the connectivity technology used.There are several technologies in use for accessing internet via cellular phones and these include GPRS, EDGE, 2G, WAP, 3G, 3. 5G, UTMS, and HSPDA among others (Hanson 42). These technologies differ in speed, range, and volume transfer capabilities. Access to internet opens up a world of other possibilities of applications of the cellular phone, which include modes of communication, commerce, knowledge acquisition, health and other social issues. For instance, increased internet access increases the proliferation of online communities where individuals can discuss and share their interests through social media (Katz 78).Secondly, increased access to internet facilitates commerce. This includes online business transactions, marketing, and product improvement through customer feedback among others (Hanson 59). Thirdly, it broadens and even transforms the ways of doing business by offering low cost alternatives suitable for small business startups, which may have a positive effect in the society’s wellbeing (Unhelkar 41). Lastly, increased internet access facilitates globalization (Katz 33). This is due to the increased sharing of culture and broadening of economies without the confines of geographical borders.It is evident that the cellular phone has had profound effect on the society, which is largely positive. These include enhanced communication speeds and quality, increased feeling of security among individuals, increased mobility of the user and advancement in technology, which has brought many devices and functionalities into the cellular phone. In addition, the cellular phone has contributed immensely to increased productivity and increased internet access. From these aspects, the society has gained much from the cell phone. Works Cited Admin. â€Å"Cell Phones and Their Positive Effects in the Society. Cell Phone Brands and News for Cell Phone Fans. N. P. , 30 Aug. 2010. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. They have played an important and positive role when it comes to the operation of different businesses. Baldwin, Anya. â€Å"Positive Effects of Cellphone Technology in the Workplace. † Small Business. n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Multiple Lines, More Direct Line of Communication, On-Call Availability, and Texting, is all available when using a cell phone. Easton, Jaclyn. Going Wireless: Transform Your Business with Mobile Technology. New York: Harper Business, 2002. Print.In this journalist story, Jaclyn Easton talks about the advantages of wirelessly fortifying your mobile workforce of itinerant executive, sales personnel, also field service technicians as well as how wireless is dramatically redefining customer service, marketing advertising. Goggin, Gerard. Cell Phone Culture: Mobile Technology in Everyday Life. London: Routledge, 2006. Print. Drawing on a range of national, regional, and international examples, this text explores the new forms of consumption and use of communication and media technology that the phenomenon of mobiles represents.Hanson, Jarice. 24/7: How Cell Phones and the Internet Change the Way We Live, Work, and Play. Westport, Conn: P raeger, 2007. Print. The revolution in online services and mobile phone use changed our lives at the turn of the 21st century. This book demonstrates that these technologies enable us to work and play 24/7 Katz, James. Magic in the Air: Mobile Communication and the Transformation of Social Life. New Brunswick, N. J: Transaction Publishers, 2006. Print. In this volume, James E. Katz, a leading authority on social consequences of communication technology, nalyzes the way new mobile telecommunications affect daily life both in the United States and around the world. Murray, James. Wireless Nation: The Frenzied Launch of the Cellular Revolution in America. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub. , 2001. Print. Wireless Nation details how the genesis of the cell phone business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. But this colorful, engaging account of cellular's strange history is much more than a business narrative. Pandey, Kundan. Advantages of mobile phones. 3 December 2012. Web. 15 March 2013. It is hard to im agine a world without cell phones now. Stewart, Douglas. How Cell Phones Have Changed Our Lives. † Articlesbase. com. 28 May 2008. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Cell phones made multitasking a brand new meaning. You can talk to family members that far away, if you are lost you have GPS or can call for help. Many more advantages come from cell phones. Cell phones are a great asset in aiding in our everyday lives. Unhelkar, Bhuvan. Handbook of Research in Mobile Business: Technical, Methodological, and Social Perspectives. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2009. Print. This book collects the latest research advances in the rapidly evolving field of mobile business